Newbe Dev Stack

Answer : Please note that there are different interpretations of the "association" definitions. My views below are heavily based on what you would read in Oracle Certification books and study guides. Temporary association A usage inside a method , its signature or as a return value. It's not really a reference to a specific object. Example: I park my Car in a Garage. Composition association A so-called " STRONG relationship ": The instantiation of the linked object is often hard coded inside the constructor of the object. It cannot be set from outside the object. (Composition cannot be a many-to-many relationship.) Example: A House is composed of Stones. Direct association This is a " WEAK relationships ". The objects can live independent and there are usually setters or other ways to inject the dependent objects. Example: A Car can have Passengers. Aggregation association Very similar to a Direct as...

Answer : Why not run the function and find out? $b = new Bar; echo $b->getFoo(5)->value; $b->test(); echo $b->getFoo(5)->value; For me the above code (along with your code) produced this output: Foo #5 My value has now changed This isn't due to "passing by reference", however, it is due to "assignment by reference". In PHP 5 assignment by reference is the default behaviour with objects. If you want to assign by value instead, use the clone keyword. You can refer to http://ca2.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.references.php for the actual answer to your question. One of the key-points of PHP5 OOP that is often mentioned is that "objects are passed by references by default". This is not completely true. A PHP reference is an alias, which allows two different variables to write to the same value. As of PHP5, an object variable doesn't contain the object itself as value anymore. It only contains an object identifier which a...

Answer : Variables declared inside the class definition, but not inside a method are class or static variables: >>> class MyClass: ... i = 3 ... >>> MyClass.i 3 As @millerdev points out, this creates a class-level i variable, but this is distinct from any instance-level i variable, so you could have >>> m = MyClass() >>> m.i = 4 >>> MyClass.i, m.i >>> (3, 4) This is different from C++ and Java, but not so different from C#, where a static member can't be accessed using a reference to an instance. See what the Python tutorial has to say on the subject of classes and class objects. @Steve Johnson has already answered regarding static methods, also documented under "Built-in Functions" in the Python Library Reference. class C: @staticmethod def f(arg1, arg2, ...): ... @beidy recommends classmethods over staticmethod, as the method then receives the class type as the first argument, but I...

Answer : The key is calling the parent's method using super.methodName(); class A { // A protected method protected doStuff() { alert("Called from A"); } // Expose the protected method as a public function public callDoStuff() { this.doStuff(); } } class B extends A { // Override the protected method protected doStuff() { // If we want we can still explicitly call the initial method super.doStuff(); alert("Called from B"); } } var a = new A(); a.callDoStuff(); // Will only alert "Called from A" var b = new B() b.callDoStuff(); // Will alert "Called from A" then "Called from B" Try it here The order of execution is: A 's constructor B 's constructor The assignment occurs in B 's constructor after A 's constructor— _super —has been called: function B() { _super.apply(this, arguments); // MyvirtualMethod c...